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P-Value Statistical Test

P-Value Calculator

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ما هو P-Value Statistical Test?

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A p-value is the probability of obtaining a test result at least as extreme as the observed result, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A small p-value (typically < 0.05) suggests the result is unlikely due to chance alone.

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كيفية P-Value Statistical Test

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  1. 1State your null hypothesis (H₀) — usually "no effect" or "no difference"
  2. 2Calculate the test statistic (Z-score, t-score, etc.)
  3. 3Look up the p-value from the appropriate distribution
  4. 4If p < α (significance level), reject H₀

أمثلة محلولة

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مثال 1
معطى:Z = 2.0, two-tailed
النتيجة:p = 0.0455

Significant at α = 0.05 (p < 0.05)

مثال 2
معطى:Z = 1.5, two-tailed
النتيجة:p = 0.1336

Not significant at α = 0.05

P-value Significance Levels

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P-valueSignificanceInterpretation
p < 0.001***Highly significant
p < 0.01**Very significant
p < 0.05*Significant (conventional threshold)
p < 0.10†Marginally significant (some fields)
p ≥ 0.10n.s.Not significant
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نصيحة احترافية

P-values do NOT measure the size of an effect or its practical importance. A tiny, unimportant effect can have p < 0.001 with a large enough sample. Always report effect sizes too.

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هل تعلم؟

The p < 0.05 threshold was proposed by Ronald Fisher in 1925 almost arbitrarily — he suggested it as a convenient rule of thumb, not as a definitive standard. It has since been criticized as causing a reproducibility crisis in science.

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