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An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a numerical label assigned to each device on a network. IPv4 uses 32 bits (e.g., 192.168.1.1); IPv6 uses 128 bits (e.g., 2001:0db8::1). An IP calculator helps find network address, broadcast, subnet mask, and host range.

Trin-for-trin guide

1. 1IPv4: four 8-bit octets (0–255 each), e.g. 192.168.1.100
2. 2CIDR notation: /24 means 24 bits for network, 8 bits for hosts
3. 3Subnet mask /24 = 255.255.255.0
4. 4Hosts per subnet: 2^(host bits) − 2 (subtract network and broadcast)

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