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A p-value is the probability of obtaining a test result at least as extreme as the observed result, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A small p-value (typically < 0.05) suggests the result is unlikely due to chance alone.

Trin-for-trin guide

1. 1State your null hypothesis (H₀) — usually "no effect" or "no difference"
2. 2Calculate the test statistic (Z-score, t-score, etc.)
3. 3Look up the p-value from the appropriate distribution
4. 4If p < α (significance level), reject H₀

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