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Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a network connection, measured in bits per second (bps). Transfer time depends on file size and available bandwidth. Note: file sizes use bytes (B), while bandwidth uses bits (b) — 1 byte = 8 bits.

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1. 1Convert file size to megabits: 1 MB = 8 Mb, 1 GB = 8,000 Mb
2. 2Transfer time (seconds) = file size (Mb) / bandwidth (Mbps)
3. 3Real-world speeds are typically 60–80% of advertised bandwidth
4. 4Multiple simultaneous users further reduce available bandwidth

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