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Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped per minute. It's calculated from heart rate and stroke volume, crucial for shock assessment.

Formula

Calculate: CO = HR × SV (in mL)
CO
CO/BSA — CO/BSA
HR
HR value — Variable used in the calculation
SV
SV value — Variable used in the calculation

Guida passo passo

  1. 1Calculate: CO = HR × SV (in mL)
  2. 2Normal CO ≈ 5 L/min; normalize to body surface area: CI = CO/BSA
  3. 3Normal CI ≈ 2.5-3.5 L/min/m²

Esempi risolti

Ingresso
HR 100, SV 50 mL
Risultato
CO = 5 L/min (normal)
Normal cardiac output

Errori comuni da evitare

  • Confusing cardiac output with blood pressure
  • Using SV values from different populations without BSA normalization

Domande frequenti

What decreases cardiac output?

Decreased heart rate, decreased stroke volume (due to reduced preload, afterload, or contractility).

How is stroke volume measured?

Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, or non-invasive methods. Not directly measured from vital signs.

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