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A password generator creates random passwords with specified length and character types. Password strength is measured in bits of entropy: a password with entropy N bits would take 2^N guesses to crack by brute force.

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1. 1Entropy = log₂(charset size^length) = length × log₂(charset size)
2. 2Lowercase only (26): 8 chars = 37.6 bits
3. 3Mixed case + digits (62): 12 chars = 71.4 bits
4. 4All printable ASCII (95): 16 chars = 104.9 bits — very strong

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