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Distance ladder uses successive methods to measure cosmic distances: parallax (nearby), Cepheids (galaxies), supernovae (clusters), Hubble (universe).

단계별 가이드

  1. 1Measure parallax for nearby stars
  2. 2Use Cepheid variables to calibrate nearby galaxies
  3. 3Extend to distant supernovae
  4. 4Apply Hubble law to universe

풀어진 예시

입력
Distant galaxy
결과
Distance 100 Mpc using multi-rung method
Each rung calibrates next

피해야 할 일반적인 실수

  • Neglecting rung calibration errors (accumulate)
  • Using inconsistent Hubble constant

자주 묻는 질문

Why not direct measurement?

Angular sizes too small; need successive calibrations.

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