Roman Numerals Converter
Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, using letters from the Latin alphabet: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000). Smaller values before larger values are subtracted; otherwise they are added.
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Tip: There is no zero in Roman numerals. This made complex arithmetic very difficult — the Romans used abacuses for calculation. The adoption of Hindu-Arabic numerals (including zero) in medieval Europe was a mathematical revolution.
- 1Read left to right; if a smaller value precedes a larger, subtract it
- 2IV = 4 (5−1), IX = 9 (10−1), XL = 40, XC = 90, CD = 400, CM = 900
- 3Maximum 3 of the same consecutive symbol (III=3, XXX=30, MMM=3000)
- 4Additive: VI = 6, LX = 60, DC = 600
MCMXCIX=1999M=1000, CM=900, XC=90, IX=9
2024=MMXXIVMM=2000, XX=20, IV=4
| Symbol | Value | Common Combinations |
|---|---|---|
| I | 1 | IV=4, IX=9 |
| V | 5 | VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8 |
| X | 10 | XL=40, XC=90 |
| L | 50 | LX=60, LXX=70, LXXX=80 |
| C | 100 | CD=400, CM=900 |
| D | 500 | DC=600, DCC=700, DCCC=800 |
| M | 1,000 | MM=2000, MMM=3000 |
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Fun Fact
Roman numerals are still used for: Super Bowl numbers, clock faces, movie copyright dates, book chapter headings, and monarch/pope numbering (King Charles III, Pope John XXIII). The latest Super Bowl was LVIII (2024).
References
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