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Factors (or divisors) of a number n are all integers that divide n exactly with no remainder. Prime factorization expresses n as a product of prime numbers — unique for every integer greater than 1 (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic).

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1. 1Trial division: test divisibility by 2, then odd numbers up to √n
2. 2If divisible, it's a factor — add both divisor and quotient
3. 3Prime factorization: keep dividing by the smallest prime factor
4. 4Number of factors = product of (exponent + 1) for each prime factor

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