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Modular arithmetic wraps numbers around after reaching a modulus. a mod m is the remainder when a is divided by m. Foundational in cryptography, checksums, and number theory.

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1. 1a mod m = remainder of a ÷ m
2. 2(a+b) mod m = ((a mod m)+(b mod m)) mod m
3. 3Modular exponentiation: fast algorithm for aⁿ mod m

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