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Positional number systems use a base (radix). Base 10 (decimal): 0–9; Base 2 (binary): 0–1; Base 16 (hexadecimal): 0–9 and A–F. Computers operate in binary; hex is shorthand for binary in programming.

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1. 1To decimal: digit × base^position, summed
2. 2From decimal: repeatedly divide by base, collect remainders
3. 3Each hex digit = exactly 4 binary bits

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