⚡Born-Haber Cycle (for MX salt)
The Born-Haber cycle applies Hess's Law to ionic compound formation, using a thermodynamic cycle to calculate lattice energy indirectly from measurable quantities: enthalpy of formation, sublimation energy, ionisation energy, electron affinity, and bond dissociation energy.
- 1ΔHf = ΔH_sub + IE + ½BE + EA + U (lattice energy)
- 2Rearrange to find U (lattice energy)
- 3All steps must sum to the enthalpy of formation
- 4Each step corresponds to a specific physical/chemical process
NaCl: ΔHf=−411, Sub=108, IE=496, ½BE=121, EA=−349 kJ/mol=U(lattice) = −411−108−496−121+349 = −787 kJ/molStandard Born-Haber cycle for NaCl
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Fun Fact
Max Born and Fritz Haber developed this cycle in 1919. Both made pivotal contributions to physical chemistry, though Haber is also notorious for developing chemical weapons in WWI.
References
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