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E = mc² Calculator

Einstein's mass-energy equivalence

Kinetic Energy Calculator

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Einstein's famous equation E = mc² expresses the equivalence of energy (E) and mass (m), connected by c² (speed of light squared, ~9 × 10¹⁶ m²/s²). It means a tiny amount of mass contains an enormous amount of energy — the basis of nuclear power and weapons.

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Tip: In nuclear reactions, the mass difference (mass defect) between reactants and products is what becomes energy via E=mc². In fission, uranium splits and the products weigh slightly less — that mass difference is the released energy.

  1. 1E = mc² where c = 299,792,458 m/s (speed of light)
  2. 2c² = 8.9875 × 10¹⁶ J/kg
  3. 31 gram of mass contains 89.875 terajoules of energy
  4. 4That's equivalent to ~21.5 kilotons of TNT — similar to the Hiroshima bomb
Mass = 1 gram (0.001 kg)=E = 8.99 × 10¹³ J = 89.9 TJEquivalent to ~21.5 kilotons TNT
Mass = 1 kg=E = 8.99 × 10¹⁶ J = 89.9 PJEquivalent to 21.5 megatons TNT
MassEnergyEquivalent to
1 microgram (µg)89.9 GJ21.5 tons of TNT
1 milligram (mg)89.9 TJ21.5 kilotons of TNT
1 gram (g)89.9 PJ21.5 megatons of TNT
1 kg89.9 EJ21.5 gigatons of TNT

Fun Fact

Nuclear power plants convert less than 0.1% of fuel mass to energy. If 100% mass-to-energy conversion were possible, 1 kg of matter would power the entire world for about 3 years.

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