Force Calculator (F = ma)
kg
m/s²
Friction is the force resisting relative motion between surfaces. Static friction prevents motion from starting; kinetic friction acts during motion. Friction force = coefficient of friction (μ) × normal force (N). Higher μ means more friction.
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Tip: On an incline, an object starts sliding when tan(θ) > μₛ. For μₛ = 0.5, sliding begins at θ = arctan(0.5) ≈ 26.6°. This is called the angle of repose — used in soil engineering.
- 1F_friction = μ × N (normal force)
- 2Static friction (max): μₛ × N (before motion starts)
- 3Kinetic friction: μₖ × N (during sliding, usually μₖ < μₛ)
- 4Normal force = weight × cos(θ) on an incline at angle θ
10 kg box, μ = 0.4, flat surface=F_friction = 0.4 × 98.1N = 39.2 NNormal force = mg = 10 × 9.81
| Surfaces | Static μₛ | Kinetic μₖ |
|---|---|---|
| Rubber on concrete (dry) | 0.6–0.8 | 0.5–0.7 |
| Rubber on wet concrete | 0.4–0.6 | 0.3–0.5 |
| Steel on steel | 0.6–0.8 | 0.5–0.6 |
| Wood on wood | 0.25–0.5 | 0.2–0.4 |
| Ice on ice | 0.03–0.1 | 0.01–0.03 |
| Teflon on Teflon | 0.04 | 0.04 |
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Fun Fact
Car braking uses friction between brake pads and rotors. ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) rapidly alternates between static and kinetic friction — static friction is higher, so ABS keeps you at the max braking force without wheel lockup.
References
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