Force Calculator (F = ma)
kg
m/s²
Impulse (J) is the change in momentum of an object when a force acts over time: J = F × Δt = Δp = m × Δv. A large force over a short time (collision) or a small force over a long time can produce the same impulse.
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Tip: The impulse-momentum theorem explains why following through in sports matters: extending contact time increases the force applied to the ball, increasing the impulse and final velocity.
- 1Impulse = Force × Time = Change in momentum
- 2J = F × Δt = m × Δv
- 3Units: N·s = kg·m/s
- 4Conservation of momentum: in a closed system, total impulse = 0
0.5 kg ball, velocity changes from 0 to 20 m/s=Impulse = 0.5 × 20 = 10 N·s
Force 200 N for 0.05 seconds=Impulse = 200 × 0.05 = 10 N·sSame impulse, different scenarios
| Sport | Force | Contact time | Impulse |
|---|---|---|---|
| Golf drive | ~4,000 N | ~0.5 ms | ~2 N·s |
| Baseball bat | ~4,500 N | ~1 ms | ~4.5 N·s |
| Soccer kick | ~1,200 N | ~8 ms | ~9.6 N·s |
| Karate punch | ~3,000 N | ~10 ms | ~30 N·s |
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Fun Fact
Airbags in cars work by increasing the collision time from ~2 ms (against the steering wheel) to ~40 ms (against the airbag). Same impulse but 20× longer contact time means 20× less force — the difference between injury and death.
References
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