Velocity & Acceleration
Velocity unit:
m/s
m/s²
s
Velocity is a vector quantity — it has both magnitude (speed) and direction. Average velocity = displacement / time. Instantaneous velocity = rate of change of position at a moment. Unlike speed, velocity can be negative (opposite direction).
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Tip: Velocity vs speed: speed is scalar (always positive), velocity is vector (can be negative). If you drive 100 km north then 100 km south, speed = 200 km but displacement = 0 and average velocity = 0.
- 1Average velocity: v = Δx / Δt (displacement / time)
- 2Acceleration: a = Δv / Δt
- 3Velocity with acceleration: v = v₀ + at
- 4Displacement: x = v₀t + ½at²
Start at rest, accelerate at 3 m/s² for 10s=Final velocity = 30 m/s (108 km/h)v = 0 + 3×10 = 30 m/s
Travel 100m in 10s=Average velocity = 10 m/s = 36 km/h100/10 = 10 m/s
| Equation | Variables | Use when |
|---|---|---|
| v = v₀ + at | v, v₀, a, t | No displacement needed |
| x = v₀t + ½at² | x, v₀, a, t | No final velocity needed |
| v² = v₀² + 2ax | v, v₀, a, x | No time needed |
| x = (v+v₀)t/2 | x, v, v₀, t | No acceleration needed |
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Fun Fact
The fastest human-made object is the Parker Solar Probe, which reached 635,000 km/h (0.064% the speed of light) in 2023. By comparison, the International Space Station orbits at 27,600 km/h, and a rifle bullet travels at ~3,600 km/h.
References
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