CCapacitance Calculator
A capacitor stores electrical energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by an insulating dielectric. Capacitance C (farads) measures how much charge Q is stored per unit voltage V: C = Q/V. Capacitors are used in power supplies for smoothing, in filters, timing circuits, and energy storage (supercapacitors).
- 1Q = CV (charge = capacitance × voltage)
- 2Energy stored: E = ½CV² (joules)
- 3Capacitors in parallel: C_total = C₁ + C₂ + ...
- 4Capacitors in series: 1/C_total = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + ...
- 5RC time constant: τ = RC — time to charge to 63.2% of supply voltage
100 μF capacitor, 12 V=Q = 100×10⁻⁶ × 12 = 1.2 mC; E = ½ × 100×10⁻⁶ × 144 = 7.2 mJ
1 F supercapacitor, 2.7 V=E = ½ × 1 × 7.29 = 3.645 J — can flash an LED for minutes
| Type | Typical Range | Application |
|---|---|---|
| Ceramic | 1 pF – 100 nF | High-frequency filtering, decoupling |
| Film | 1 nF – 10 μF | Audio, timing, power factor correction |
| Electrolytic | 1 μF – 100 mF | Power supply smoothing, audio coupling |
| Supercapacitor | 0.1 F – 3,000 F | Energy storage, regenerative braking |
| Leyden jar (historical) | ~1 nF | First capacitor, 1745 |
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