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Distance ladder uses successive methods to measure cosmic distances: parallax (nearby), Cepheids (galaxies), supernovae (clusters), Hubble (universe).
Водич корак по корак
- 1Measure parallax for nearby stars
- 2Use Cepheid variables to calibrate nearby galaxies
- 3Extend to distant supernovae
- 4Apply Hubble law to universe
Worked Examples
Инпут
Distant galaxy
Резултат
Distance 100 Mpc using multi-rung method
Each rung calibrates next
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- ✕Neglecting rung calibration errors (accumulate)
- ✕Using inconsistent Hubble constant
Frequently Asked Questions
Why not direct measurement?
Angular sizes too small; need successive calibrations.
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