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Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls. Systolic (top number) is pressure during heartbeat; diastolic (bottom number) is pressure between beats. Normal: below 120/80 mmHg. The AHA classifies five stages from normal to hypertensive crisis.

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1. 1Pulse pressure = Systolic − Diastolic
2. 2Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = Diastolic + (Pulse pressure / 3)
3. 3Normal MAP: 70–100 mmHg
4. 4MAP < 60 mmHg → inadequate perfusion to organs

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