Jinsi ya kukokotoa Normal Distribution

Normal Distribution ni nini?

The normal distribution (bell curve) is the most common probability distribution in statistics. It's defined by mean μ and standard deviation σ, describing many natural phenomena.

Fomula

f(x) = (1 / (σ√(2π))) × e^(-(x-μ)²/(2σ²))

Mwongozo wa Hatua kwa Hatua

1Enter mean μ, standard deviation σ, and value x
2Calculate the z-score: (x - μ) / σ
3Look up cumulative probability or use the formula

Mifano Iliyotatuliwa

Ingizo

μ = 100, σ = 15, x = 115

Matokeo

z = 1, P(Z ≤ 1) ≈ 0.841

Standard normal lookup

Makosa ya Kawaida ya Kuepuka

✕Confusing z-score with probability
✕Using population vs sample standard deviation

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