วิธีการคำนวณ Present Value

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Present Value (PV) calculates what a future sum of money is worth today, given a discount rate. It answers: "How much do I need to invest today to have $X in the future?" It is the inverse of future value and the cornerstone of financial valuation.

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1. 1PV of lump sum: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
2. 2PV of annuity: PV = PMT × (1 − (1+r)^(−n)) / r
3. 3Higher discount rates reduce present value (future money is worth less)
4. 4The discount rate often represents opportunity cost or inflation

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