Buffer capacity (β) measures how much acid or base a buffer solution can absorb before the pH changes significantly. It depends on the total concentration of the buffer and is maximum when [HA] = [A⁻] (i.e., pH = pKa).
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Physiological buffers (blood, cells) maintain pH within ±0.05 units despite continuous metabolic acid production. Loss of buffer capacity in disease states like renal failure is life-threatening.
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