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Gibbs free energy (G) determines whether a chemical reaction can occur spontaneously at constant temperature and pressure. ΔG = ΔH − TΔS: negative ΔG means spontaneous; positive means non-spontaneous.

Hướng dẫn từng bước

1. 1ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
2. 2ΔH = enthalpy change (bond energies)
3. 3T = temperature in Kelvin
4. 4ΔS = entropy change (disorder)
5. 5ΔG < 0: spontaneous; ΔG > 0: non-spontaneous; ΔG = 0: equilibrium

Ví dụ có lời giải