Impulse (J) is the change in momentum of an object when a force acts over time: J = F × Δt = Δp = m × Δv. A large force over a short time (collision) or a small force over a long time can produce the same impulse.
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Pro Tip
The impulse-momentum theorem explains why following through in sports matters: extending contact time increases the force applied to the ball, increasing the impulse and final velocity.
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Did You Know?
Airbags in cars work by increasing the collision time from ~2 ms (against the steering wheel) to ~40 ms (against the airbag). Same impulse but 20× longer contact time means 20× less force — the difference between injury and death.
References
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