Sample size is the number of observations needed in a study to achieve a specified margin of error and confidence level. Larger samples give more precise estimates but cost more to collect. The required n depends on confidence level, expected proportion, and acceptable error.
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Pro Tip
Always calculate sample size before collecting data. Stopping early when results look significant ("peeking") inflates your Type I error rate dramatically.
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Did You Know?
For proportions, a sample of 384 gives ±5% margin of error regardless of whether the population is 1,000 or 1 billion — which is why national polls of ~1,000 people are statistically valid.
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